Cyber Security

As computation has become increasingly integrated into everyday life, critical infrastructure, state defense, and cybersecurity has become a new, crucial area of inquiry for geographers. This is due to the fast-changing, new securities that are being formed and enabled through, by and because of the growing role of computation. Geographers have studied cybersecurity as collectively constituted through a complex mixture of technologies, materialities, cultures, knowledges. In so doing, they have probed a range of phenomena crucial to cybersecurity; from technical processes such as encryption, malware infection, and threat detection, to the social arrangements and negotiations between various organizations and states, the implications of surveillance and big data on privacy, and how threats affect various infrastructure that support ways of life across the globe. Nevertheless, geographers do not simply consider cybersecurity as a mode of security imposed “online” or through digital technologies. Rather, in its practice, geographers have demonstrated how cybersecurity involves and invokes socio-political complications around criminality, protection, inequalities, privacy, surveillance, private enterprise, and the role of the state in the life of citizens.