The interaction patterns between humans and sloth bear in an urbanised forest of Odisha, eastern India

The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is one of the four bear species found in mainland India. It is considered the most ferocious wild animal because it is unpredictable and often attacks humans in forests. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews with the local communities (2019–2021), field observation and other secondary sources (2002–2021). The human-sloth bear conflict in the study area has significantly impacted humans, wild animals, and the environment. This impact is seen through livestock depredation and the killing of both wildlife and humans. There, were 261 human casualties reported in 19 years, of whom four died. All eight existing forest beats (FB) in the Nilgiri Wildlife Range (NWLR) reported conflict cases. Mitrapur section (n = 123, 47 %) was mainly affected. Adult males (n = 149, 56 %) were more exposed to attacks, with most of the cases occurring within the vicinity of a village. The maximum number of attacks occurred during the monsoon season (July-Oct) (n = 98, 38 %) and during crepuscular hours (35 %, n = 92). Conflicts were reported throughout the year, among the monthly variations of incidences, October had an excessive number of instances (n = 33, 12.6 %). Incidents of sloth bear attacks were significantly different across the five time periods (G = 186.61 d.f. = 4, p < 0.001). Major and minor attack numbers were significantly different across the five time periods (G = 102.80, d.f. = 4, p < 0.001, G = 92.02, d.f. = 4, p < 0.001). We suggested crucial mitigation strategies to reduce the conflict; like sustainable use of forest products, restoration of existing bear habitats, and raising public awareness.