Scaling Artificial Intelligence for Augmented Learning: Developing a Generative AI Evaluation Scale through a Case Study in Islamic Inheritance Law

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Abstract

This study evaluates the potential of four Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) models—ChatGPT-4, DeepSeek, Gemini, and Co-Pilot—to apply the principles of Islamic inheritance law. Using a GenAI Evaluation Scale (GAIES), the research assesses the accuracy, comprehensiveness, explainability, and authenticity of AI-generated responses on key topics, such as gender-based inheritance differences, orphaned grandchildren’s right to inheritance, and state-reformed inheritance laws in Egypt, Pakistan, and Iran. While ChatGPT-4 outperformed its counterparts, it still exhibited significant shortcomings, such as fabricated references and legal misinterpretations. To address these challenges, the study introduces a GenAI Application Scale (GAIAS) as a guide for the ethical use of GenAI in Islamic legal education and research. The research highlights potential risks related to AI-generated “hallucinations,” fabrications, and opaque sources, emphasizing the need for human oversight to ensure that GenAI outputs are accurate, reliable, and verifiable.
Original languageEnglish
JournalJournal of Digital Islamicate Research
Publication statusPublished - 30 Jun 2025

Keywords

  • generative AI
  • Islamic inheritance law
  • transparency
  • accountability,
  • accuracy

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