Ion Beam Collimation for Future Hadron Colliders

The application of integrated simulation frameworks, which include particle tracking and physical interactions, to heavy-ion beam collimation in existing and future hadron colliders is presented. The SixTrack-FLUKA coupling and Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM) were used and the tools and techniques developed for the simulations are presented. A simulation study of the collimation cleaning inefficiency for heavy-ion beams was performed for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), using both frameworks, and compared to measurements taken during operation. A detailed energy deposition study of ion beam collimation in a 3D model of the entire LHC ring was performed using BDSIM. The SixTrack-FLUKA coupling was used to study heavy-ion beam collimation in the Future Circular hadron- hadron Collider (FCC-hh). An analysis of the most limiting losses and an evaluation of the collimation system performance were carried out. The performance of the High-Energy Large Hadron Collider (HE-LHC) collimation system with heavy-ion beams was also investigated. The dominant beam loss clusters were identified and possible mitigation strategies are discussed. Support for partially stripped ions (PSI), which retain some of their bound electrons, was added to BDSIM and a physics model that treats charge-changing interactions of PSI with matter was implemented. Using the newly added features in BDSIM, the collimation of PSI beams in the LHC was studied in the context of the Gamma Factory initiative.