Gas-plasma-activated water impact on photo-dependent dormancy mechanisms in Nicotiana tabacum seeds

Seeds sense temperature, nutrient levels and light conditions to inform decision making on the timing of germination. Limited light availability for photoblastic species results in irregular germination timing and losses of population germination percentage. Seed industries are there-fore looking for interventions to mitigate this risk. A growing area of research is water treated with gas plasma (GPAW), in which the formed solution is a complex consisting of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Gas plasma technology is widely used for sterilisation and is an emerging technology in the food processing industry. The use of the GPAW on seeds has previously led to an increase in germination performance, often attributed to bolstered antioxidant defence mechanisms. However, there is a limited understanding of how the solution may influence the mecha-nisms that govern seed dormancy and whether photoreceptor-driven germination mechanisms are affected. In our work, we studied how GPAW can influence the mechanisms that govern pho-to-dependent dormancy, isolating the effects at low fluence response (LFR) and very low fluence response (VLFR). The two defined light intensity thresholds affect germination through different phytochrome photoreceptors, PHYB and PHYA, respectively; we found that GPAW showed a sig-nificant increase in population germination percentage under VLFR and further described how each treatment affects key physiological regulators.