Advancing energy justice through ESG: The role of confucian culture and digital finance

Amid escalating climate risks and resource depletion, effective ESG practices are emerging as vital drivers for achieving energy justice. This study employs panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (2009–2022) and a SYS-GMM estimation framework to examine the direct impact of ESG performance on energy justice, while also revealing green technological innovation as an essential mediating pathway. We further explore the pivotal moderating roles of Confucian cultural values, which promote ethical corporate behavior and curb greenwashing, and of digital finance, which enhances information transparency and alleviates financing constraints. Our findings indicate that the integration of robust ESG practices with cultural ethics and advanced digital financial systems not only improves energy efficiency and environmental quality but also fosters a more equitable distribution of energy resources. Overall, this research provides empirically grounded insights for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to craft sustainable strategies for a just energy transition.